By contrast, think of stability as consistency, and instability as change, in the relative order, standing, or rank of individuals in a group on a characteristic through time. The study was supported by Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1PO1HD39667, 2PO1HD039667, and R01HD080786). Alternatively, the group mean level could remain the same over time, but individuals change in their order over time: continuity-and-instability (Figure 3B), and so forth for continuity-and-stability (Figure 3A) and discontinuity-and-instability (Figure 3D). ), The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development. In: Lerner RM, editor. Bornstein MH, Haynes OM, Painter KM, Genevro JL. Early childcare and self-control, compliance, and problem behavior at twenty-four and thirty-six months. At the same time, many systems naturally change through growth and adaptation to support optimal functioning. Informal care primarily included relative care, but also included a small proportion of families using family child-care homes (4%7% across time points). Yvette Sanchez Fuentes Director Office . (2000). Previous studies that have measured the frequency of childrens language interactions with their child-care caregiver likewise found an association with childrens language skills (NICHD Early Childcare Research Network, 2000; Vernon-Feagans, Bratsch-Hines, et al., 2013). Consistency and change are also cornerstones and key conceptions of theory in developmental science. This study sought to add to the limited literature on IT child care using a sample of children living in high-poverty rural areas. The shorter the inter-assessment interval, the greater the likelihood of continuity and stability (the Guttman simplex; 36). Social perspectives on the emergence of language In MacWhinney B (Ed.). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Structural equation model predicting kindergarten academic and social skills from direct and indirect effects of 6- to 36-month caregiver-child verbal interactions, caregiver sensitivity, and caregiver stability. Theorists debate, for example, whether a given characteristic is a trait (and so stable) or a state (and so transient). This study extends previous work by documenting evidence of the association between IT caregiver-child interactions and child outcomes as late as kindergarten. Developmental psychology examines how thinking, feeling, and behavior change throughout a person's life. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Office of Child Care (404) 562-2782. Our measure of caregiver sensitivity was consistent with prior research on child-care quality, which has typically focused on general caregiving behaviors and/or structural and environmental characteristics of child care as experienced by groups of children. Human infancy and the rest of the lifespan. Conversely, for children in Educare programs, having the same Early Head Start teacher from birth to 36 months was associated with lower teacher-reported behavioral concerns and higher self-control and initiative at 36 months, but these associations were no longer significant after children transitioned to Head Start (Horm et al., 2018). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. PDF Safety and Stability for Foster Children: A Developmental Perspective - ed Finally, IT child-care caregivers across diverse settings need key strategies to interact with children in positive ways, which can help build a workforce of caregivers to set the foundation for infants and toddlers optimal development. p D-Qlahc9[`(|>v%8+~5 c3. The development of intellectual functioning in infancy and the prediction of later IQ. The site is secure. State (0 = PA; 1 = NC) was included to account for site differences among FLP families. Consistency and change have implications for measurement as well. Sroufe LA. It finds:) Family stability is best viewed as a process of caregiving practices that, when present, can greatly facilitate healthy child development.) Group mean-level continuity/discontinuity and individual-order stability/instability in development are both theoretically and methodologically informative, and can co-exist conceptually and empirically as the two are partially orthogonal perspectives on development. (2013). Recchia SL, & Fincham EN (2019). NICHD Early Childcare Research Network. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Think of continuity as consistency, and discontinuity as change, in the group mean level of a characteristic through time. The precursors of writing: Graphic representation in preschool children. Parent-child relationships are particularly strong predictors of childrens language and social skills (NICHD Early Childcare Research Network, 2002). Vernon-Feagans L, Bratsch-Hines ME; Family Life Project Key Investigators. For example, Rutter (1981) discovered that somber babies living in understaffed orphanages often become cheerful and affectionate when placed in socially stimulating adoptive homes. They. Kindergarten classroom quality was measured using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (Pianta, La Paro, & Hamre, 2008) and was the average of Instructional Support, Classroom Organization, and Classroom Emotional Support domains ( = .80). Given limited evidence, however, additional prospective research is needed in order to understand the long-term effects of child-care stability on a range of child outcomes. This study will help fill this gap by examining child-care quality (caregiver-child verbal interactions and caregiver sensitivity) and caregiver stability measured from 6 to 36 months in relation to child outcomes measured proximally at 36 months and distally at the spring of kindergarten. Concept and Considerations of a Medical Device: The Active Noise Child Development, August 1998, Volume 69, Number 4, Pages 1030-1053 Structure, Stability, and Development of Young Children's Self-Concepts: A Multicohort-Multioccasion Study Herbert W. Marsh, Rhonda Craven, and Raymond Debus A new, individual administration procedure for assessing multiple dimensions of self-concept for young chil- Data for this study were drawn from the Family Life Project (FLP), a longitudinal study of families living in two high-poverty rural regions of North Carolina (NC) and Pennsylvania (PA). It assumes that changes are incremental, with skills and knowledge building upon what was previously learned. The extent to which IT child care contributes to childrens development of language, social, and academic skills is not well understood because it has been less studied than child care during the preschool period (Recchia & Fincham, 2019). Fraley RC. Latent change models do not provide information about individual-order stability over time, nor do they directly measure change in mean level over time (but continuity can be inferred from the intercept and linear slope). (2010). The following paper is a comprehensive assessment of recent advances in this important area of child development research. At the 6-, 15-, 24-, and 36-month home visits, parents were asked to provide contact information for their childs primary child-care caregiver, who was contacted shortly after the parent interview. Although useful, these recent studies had limitations. The developmental stage or age of a sample is another parameter. The field of child development focuses on the scientific study of systematic processes of change and stability in human children. Oral production at 3 years predicts language comprehension at 5 years (13), and letter naming at 4 years predicts emergent writing and familiarity with the alphabetic system at 5 years (14). A stable environment provides nurturing caregivers, unconditional love, consistent discipline, and a dependable and safe living space. As reported earlier with the parent SDQ measure (Goodman, 2001), scores from the Prosocial ( = .70) and Total Problems (reverse-scored; = .84) subscales were calculated. Heterotypic stability (between different measures) may represent a conservative (lower bound) estimate of stability because of the variance introduced by differences in assessment measurements and procedures used at different times. Structural equation modeling revealed that children who experienced more positive caregiver-child verbal interactions had higher 36-month language skills, which indirectly led to higher kindergarten academic and social skills. For all models, standardized regression coefficients were reported and model fit was assessed from the chi-square test, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and comparative fit index (CFI). Over time, children tend to maintain their relative order in their language abilities (6, 7). Children thrive in stable and nurturing environments where they have a routine and know what to expect. Stability in children's environments, relationships, and basic needs being met is critical for their healthy development and well-being. Continuity and stability combine to paint a more complete, if nuanced, portrait of development. The potential for high-quality child care to enhance the development of childrens academic and social skills is significant, especially for children from low-income or otherwise socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds (Love et al., 2003; Yazejian et al., 2017), and particularly for infants and toddlers whose experiences with caregivers during their first 3 years of life are integral to subsequent optimal development (Mortensen & Barnett, 2015). Finally, in other studies, child-care stability from 4 to 36 months was not associated with mother- or teacher-reported social competence at 36 months, 58 months, or kindergarten (NICHD ECCRN, 1998, 2003). Children thrive in stable and nurturing environments where they have a routine and know what to expect. The three goals of developmental psychology are to describe, explain, and optimize development (Baltes, Reese, & Lipsitt, 1980). Standard scores were calculated. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Mind, 2, 285-294. Child care in poor communities: Early learning effects of type, quality, and stability. Continuity and discontinuity are conventionally indexed by mean difference tests across time (the Students paired t-test or F-test in repeated-measures analysis of variance for multivariate continuously and normally distributed data, or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for ordinal or non-normally distributed data). Characteristics are meaningful in development when they are consistent and when they change. Two latent constructs served as 36-month outcomes/mediators: (a) language skills, comprised of PLS expressive language and WPPSI receptive vocabulary; and (b) parent-reported social skills, comprised of SDQ subscales. Investigating the quality and stability of childrens family experiences could strengthen future studies. Both word types and MLU in childrens spontaneous speech are stable from 13 to 20 months, even taking into consideration maternal word types and verbal responsiveness, respectively (20). An official website of the United States government. To account for missing data on the independent variables (0%28%), we brought covariates into the model as dependent variables in order to make distributional assumptions about covariates (Muthn & Muthn, 19982013). FLP data were collected through home and/or child-care visits at 2, 6, 15, 24, and 36 months and school visits in the spring of kindergarten. By contrast, a child could remain at the same level from time 1 to time 2, yet his or her position could be unstable relative to peers if other children in the group changed while the target child did not (C2 in Figure 3D). An official website of the United States government. Scores were calculated for the Prosocial ( = .73) and Total Problems (reverse-scored and comprised of Conduct Problems, Emotional Symptoms, Hyperactive Behaviors, and Peer Problems; = .68) subscales. In: Lazarsfield PF, editor. The effectiveness of short-term longitudinal investigations is also becoming increasingly evident in the discovery of stabilities and changes characterizing development over time. Stability theorists believe that change is relatively difficult once initial personality traits have been established. Stability implies personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the lifespan. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Survey Form Manual (Interview Edition). For multivariate F-tests, partial eta-squared (2p) provides an effect size, with .01 indicating small, .06 medium, and .14 large effects (8). Family Structure Transitions and Child Development: Instability (b) Did 36-month language and social skills mediate the associations between verbal interactions, sensitivity, and stability and childrens kindergarten outcomes? Even when high-quality IT child care is available, it is often prohibitively expensive, particularly for families who have low incomes. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted NICHD Early Childcare Research Network. In short, consistency and change are contingent, not absolute, underscoring the need to attend to moderation in each. Growth curve models generally require at least 3 waves of longitudinal (within-subject) data measured in the same metric; continuity and stability require only 2 waves of longitudinal (within-subject) data. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Marc H. Bornstein, Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockledge I, Suite 8030, 6705 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7971, Bethesda, MD 20892 . Infant and Toddler ChildCare Quality and Stability in Relation to Nicely P, Tamis-LeMonda CS, Bornstein MH. Accessibility Model fit was found to be good, 2(159, N = 1,055) = 396.15, p < .001; RMSEA = .04 (CI = .03.04), CFI = .94. Empirical research in this area tends to be dominated by psychologists from Western cultures such as North American and Europe, although during the 1980s Japanese researchers began making a valid contribution to the field. From 6 to 36 months, caregiver stability was calculated by adding the number of unique numeric identifiers, which represented the childs number of different sequential caregivers, and ranged from 1 to 4. Stability is usually ascribed to consistency of that characteristic in the individual. A significant proportion of theories within this discipline focus on development during childhood . Maternal functional speech to children: A comparison of autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and typical development. Results from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Additional items from the Social Competence Scale (SCS; Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, 1995; Werthamer-Larsson, Kellam, & Wheeler, 1991) were used, with 14 SCS items scored on a scale of 16 (almost never, rarely, sometimes, often, very often, and almost always). Effect size is a practical guide to the meaning of discontinuity: Cohens d (8) is the difference between two means divided by the pooled standard deviation for the data. Infant and Toddler Child-Care Quality and Stability in Relation to FOIA This study considered the quality and stability of infant and toddler nonparental child care from 6 to 36 months in relation to language, . Early research on the development of gender identity revealed that many children develop an understanding of stability of gender identity (the knowledge that gender is stable across time) between ages 3 to 4 years (Kohlberg, 1966; Slaby and Frey, 1975), but do not develop the awareness that gender is consistent or constant (that it remains the . Focusing solely on change leads to the view that development may be progressive (or regressive) or to the narrow perspective that development may be disorderly; alternatively, focusing on consistency alone renders development more comprehensible, but risks viewing ontogeny as fixed and overlooks potentialities and realities of meaningful change. To account for missing data on the outcome variables (20%25%), we used full information maximum likelihood estimation. Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Homotypic stability (between the same measures) may represent a liberal (upper bound) estimate of stability because of shared source and method variance, practice effects, and the like. It implies that our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are malleable and can be influenced by experiences and environments over time. Electronic mail may be sent to, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. 0FBBAD!0;Y[CnCqzB9|j8QzT"-ut>G1^t_>;6b~} Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(4), 323-356. Studying stability poses unique challenges for any characteristic that is componential and changes dramatically with development, like language. Yielding to the tension between these two omnipresent, intrinsic, and potent dynamics in our science is thought provoking, and the thoughts that it provokes challenge, seduce, and gratify in equal measure. A window of opportunity we must open to all: The case for preschool with high-quality support for language and literacy In Dickinson DK & Neuman SB (Eds. Rao N, & Wong JMS (2018). The slope represents the average rate of change from the intercept over time. In contrast, change theorists argue that family interactions, school experiences, and acculturation modify personalities. Fulfilling our children's need for stability will help them to experience predictability and reduce fear of loss or upcoming stress. Developmental behavior genetics. Both latent outcomes were regressed on the primary predictors, including caregiver-child verbal interactions, caregiver sensitivity, and caregiver stability; the covariates; and the mediators. In one study, children whose child-care caregiver provided more language stimulation from 15 to 36 months had higher expressive language skills at 36 months (NICHD Early Childcare Research Network, 2000). A stable characteristic is one that some individuals display at high levels relative to others in a group at one point in time and again display at relatively high levels at a later point in time, where other individuals display lower levels at both times (Figure 2A). Stabilizing Children's LivesA Web of Stabilizing Supports Some measures (e.g., self-report) tend to show higher stability than other measures (e.g., observation; 34, 35). Although development is often identified with change and transformation, not all characteristics alter in development, and development equally includes consistency. In language, vocabulary size exemplifies a characteristic that might be indexed the same way at different ages and shows stability. Child Dev Perspect. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Based on a nationally representative sample of Early Head Start programs, caregiver instability from 12 to 36 months was not related to receptive language skills at 36 months, but was related to higher levels of teacher-reported problem behaviors and lower social competence at 36 months. Bratsch-Hines ME, Mokrova I, Vernon-Feagans L; Family Life Project Key Investigators. Letter-Word Identification ( = .94) measured childrens ability to distinguish letter sounds and words. characterizing development over time. Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, De Houwer A. Bornstein MH. . The importance of stability | Children's Commissioner for England The coherence of individual development: Early care, attachment, and subsequent developmental issues. Bassok D, Fitzpatrick M, Greenberg E, & Loeb S (2016). (2002). Complementing the first two models of stability homotypic and heterotypic is a third model of mediated stability that describes stability in a characteristic A, or stability between characteristic A and characteristic A, as explained by a mediating characteristic X that is remote from characteristics A and A. Preyer, W.T. Burchinal M, Magnuson K, Powell D, & Hong SS (2015). The significance of infant/toddler care and education In Brown CP, McMullen MB, & File N (Eds. Child Development Ch 1-4. Considerations for State Policymakers Children in foster care, as a result of exposure 1966 National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) 8600 Rockville Pike Tests of mediation were conducted by examining indirect effect estimates (MacKinnon, 2008). Continuity analyses require measurement in the same metric at each time point, but stability analyses do not. Items assessed rudimentary aspects of expressive language and more advanced items that required the child to demonstrate verbal understanding of language concepts. The correction for attenuation. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Olivia Guy Evans. Young Children These 36-month outcomes/mediators were also regressed on caregiverchild verbal interactions, caregiver sensitivity, caregiver stability, and covariates. ), Theoretical models of human development. Vandell DL, Belsky J, Burchinal M, Steinberg L, Vandergrift N; NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. Thus, characteristics may substantially persist, but stability over time is far from perfect and even stable characteristics only explain portions of common variance. Ensuring survival to children born (extremely) preterm is crucial. Concepts and theories of human development. Publicly funded child-care subsidies have been created to help low-income families access IT child care, but many child-care subsidy programs have long waiting lists (Schulman & Blank, 2004).
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